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Vantage to Pomona Heights Chapter 3 230 kV Transmission Line Project FEIS Affected Environment PAGE 3-246 Period III (3,900 to 300 years ago) Period III, also called the Cayuse Phase, dates from around 3,900 years ago until the first documented appearance of the horse in 1720 A.D. The Cayuse Phase is divided into early and late sub-phases based in part on the adoption of the bow and arrow and an increase in the Native American population (Leonhardy and Rice 1970; Nelson 1969; Galm et al. 1981). Nelson (1969) notes a marked increase in the size and density of archaeological sites. More permanent villages and a riverine-oriented subsistence economy became increasingly apparent at the beginning of Period III. By 1000 A.D., ethnographically-documented lifeways that included large winter villages and seasonal rounds established to exploit salmon runs and plants were in place in the south-central Columbia Plateau (Adams and Ozbun 2007; Aikens 1993; Ames et al. 1998). Subsistence is linked to intensive fishing, upland root gathering and hunting (Ray 1933; Nelson 1969; Galm et al. 1981; Schalk 1982). In the winter, people inhabited pithouse or longhouse clusters in riverine or canyon environments, dispersing into small foraging groups in the spring to access root grounds, hunting areas, and fishing camps. Semi-subterranean pithouses and larger longhouses were the precursors to the surface communal longhouses later documented by European observers. Fishing was the primary summer and early fall activity with berry gathering and hunting also conducted in the fall. Fish, large game, and root crops were stored for consumption during the winter (Ray 1933, 1939; Nelson 1969). This was a time of increased social complexity that involved expanded trade and interaction networks (Galm 1994) as indicated by the presence at archaeological sites of marine shell beads and other ornaments. Small arrow points dominate stone tool assemblages (Adams and Ozbun 2007; Aikens 1993; Ames et al. 1998). 3.11.2.2 Historic Period The historic period in the Pacific Northwest begins with the first regular contact between Euro-Americans and the Native American population. Within the general Project area, a number of historic themes occur including: exploration, settlement, irrigation, agriculture, the modern military presence, and hydropower development. Exploration The first widely recognized contact between the native Indian groups and Euro-Americans occurred when the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the region in 1805 and 1806, officially opening the Pacific Northwest to wide-spread fur trading. During the next 20 years, both Canadian and American fur companies established trading forts and posts from what is now the Canadian-United States border south to the Columbia River. In 1818, a treaty between Canada and the United States declared that neither country owned true title to the land on which the trading forts were built, but rather each country had the right of entry and occupation. This held true until the Treaty of 1846 established the 49th parallel defining the boundary between Canada and the United States. After the boundary was drawn, significant Euro- American settlement began to occur in the Columbia Basin, first encouraged by the continuing fur trade and later by opportunities for agricultural development (Bennett 1979). Ethnography Numerous Indian groups have inhabited the Project study area, including the Yakama, Wanapum, Kittitas, and other Mid-Columbian groups. The Yakama and neighboring groups were originally made up of small, politically autonomous, yet closely related, bands. These bands lived in permanent winter villages located on major water courses and streams and in upland village sites during spring and summer while gathering seasonally available resources. The villages were essentially autonomous, although each group as a whole shared a common culture, maintained inter-village kinship ties, shared subsistence resources, and were engaged in frequent social interaction with one another (Ray 1939; Schuster 1998). During the early nineteenth century, as Euro-American settlement expanded, conflicts became more frequent with Native Americans. Demand for land continued to increase and, in 1855, the Washington