Laserfiche WebLink
flexibility but often require increased maintenance as a result of heavy grazing pressure from both <br />livestock and wildlife. Water gaps to allow livestock access to the stream when necessary should be <br />planned in transition sections between meanders. Off site water may be a better choice in terms of <br />protecting the riparian buffer, increased calf gains, and better overall herd health. These areas have <br />reduced erosion potential, are generally gravelly, and can be planted to a rhizomatous willow that will <br />resprout easily. Access to water gaps can also be protected with gravel or concrete pads if heavy <br />trampling problems arise. <br />Finally it is critical to protect streambanks and plantings from continuous use during long winter feeding <br />periods. Feed grounds should be located away from streamside areas. If this is not possible, the area <br />should be fenced and water gaps or off-site water provided so direct access to riparian corridor is <br />controlled and potential pollutants can be filtered prior to overland surface waters enter the stream. <br />Additional information and more technical papers <br />Visit littp://www.plant-materials nres usda >?ov/idpmc/riparian litml for additional information on a <br />variety of riparian and wetland plants and planting techniques. <br />References <br />Biggs, A.R., Davis, D.D., Merrill, W. 1983. Histopathology of Cankers Caused by Cytospora <br />chysosperma. Canadian Journal of Botany 61(2): pp 563-574. <br />Briggs, J.A. 1991. Cytospora Canker of Poplar and Willow Trees. USDA -SCS, Nevada Plant Materials <br />Technical Note, Nevada State Office, Reno, NV. 2 p. <br />Briggs, J.A. and B. Munda. 1992. Collection, evaluation, selection, and production of cottonwood poles <br />for riparian area improvement. Final Report to the US Fish & Wildlife Service. USDA -SCS, <br />Tucson Plant Materials Center, Tucson, AZ. 32 p. <br />Carlson, J.R. 1992. Selection, production and use of riparian plant materials for the western Unites States. <br />In: Proceedings --Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. <br />Rep. RM -21 1. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, CO. pp 55-67. <br />Carlson, J.R., Conaway, G.L., Gibbs, J.L., and Hoag, J.C. 1991. Design criteria for revegetation in <br />riparian zones or the intermountain area. In: Proceedings --Symposium on Ecology and <br />Management of Riparian Shrub Communities. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RM -65. <br />Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. pp 163-166. <br />Carlson, M.C. 1938. The formation of nodal adventitious roots in Salix cordata. American Journal of <br />Botany 25: pp 721-725. <br />Carlson, M.C. 1950. Nodal adventitious roots in willow sterns of different ages. American Journal of <br />Botany 37: pp 555-561. <br />Chmelar, J. 1974. Propagation of willows by cuttings. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 4: pp <br />185-190. <br />Crouse, M.R. and R.R. Kindschy. 1984. A method for predicting riparian vegetation potential of semi- <br />arid rangelands. In: Proceedings --1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; <br />19 <br />