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Each species grows in specific ecological zones along the stream channel and flood plain (Carlson et al. <br />1992). These ecological zones can be equated to planting zones. Riparian planting zones (Hoag 200 1) <br />include the toe zone, bank zone, overbank zone, transitional zone and the upland zone (Figure 2). <br />Shrubby species are normally planted on outside curves of a stream channel as a continuous barrier. <br />Outside curves incur more erosion frorn strearnflow, but have a shorter inundation period. Plant the entire <br />reach with the same mix of species. Shrubby species with flexible sterns are planted on the bank zone and <br />the overbank zone or floodplain for diversity and additional stabilization or as a buffer zone. <br />Plant tree species up the bank from the shrubby species or on top of the bank. The shrubby species <br />provide protection for the tree species when p an a in manner. <br />The reconnaissance survey will help identify these relationships. See "Spacing" section to help with <br />planting design and to help determine numbers of plants or cuttings needed. <br />Type of Planting Stock <br />Cuttings, whips, plugs, conetainers, bare -root, potted, clumps, balled and burlap, and paper -sleeved <br />planting stock are all viable alternatives (Carlson et al. 1992; Dirr and Heuser 1987; Platts et al. 1987). <br />Advantages of nursery stock include: good potential root development, good carbohydrate reserves, few <br />pest or disease problems, readily available for many species, and no labor is needed to collect the stock. <br />Disadvantages of nursery stock include: more expensive than hardwood cuttings collected near the <br />revegetation site, short root systems can wash out easily, short root system may not reach moist soil <br />during the growing season, and roots of local herbaceous vegetation are in the same zone competing for <br />moisture and nutrients. <br />Stem cuttings <br />Stem cuttings can be divided into softwood, semi -hardwood (greenwood), and hardwood categories. <br />Hardwood stern cuttings can also be divided into deciduous, narrowleaf evergreen, and broadleaf <br />evergreen (Dirr and Heuser 1987). This Technical Note concentrates on deciduous hardwood cuttings <br />from moderate age stem materials. Deciduous hardwood cuttings of willow and cottonwood species are <br />generally recommended over other types of cuttings because of the high concentration of pre-forned, <br />