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systems (taken from Andrews 2007) is given in Appendix C. These systems are based <br />on many of the same core fire models but are designed for different applications. One of <br />the important uses of BehavePlus is for improved model understanding. It is difficult to <br />see relationships among variables of interest in the maps produced by spatial systems. <br />BehavePlus can be used to exercise the models and systematically examine relation- <br />ships such as the effect of a choice of a given fuel model or a live fuel moisture value on <br />surface fire rate of spread and flame length. While many examples in this paper use the <br />SURFACE module, remember that modeling surface fire behavior is just one component <br />of the BehavePlus fire modeling system (Table 1). <br />Table 1—Models that are included in each of the BehavePlus modules with citations (from Andrews 2007). <br />BehavePlus <br />Model <br />Reference and notes <br />module <br />SURFACE <br />Surface head fire rate of spread, reaction intensity, <br />(Rotherme) 1972) <br />characteristic dead fuel moisture, live fuel moisture of <br />(Albini 1976a) minor adjustments <br />extinction, etc. <br />Fireline intensity, flame length <br />(Byram 1959) with adjustments to work <br />with Rothermel's surface fire spread <br />model by (Albini 19766) <br />Surface fire flame residence time <br />(Anderson 1969) <br />(used to calculate fireline intensity) <br />Direction of maximum spread <br />(Rothermel ] 983) using manual <br />vectoring <br />(Finney 1998; Rothermel 1983) <br />calculations based on Rothermel's <br />wind and slope factors <br />Fire characteristics chart; relationship among rate of spread, <br />(Andrews and Rothermel 1982) <br />heat per unit area, fire] ine intensity, and flame length <br />Spread in direction from ignition point of a point source fire <br />(Andrews 1986) <br />Effective wind speed <br />(Albini 1976b) <br />Wind adjustment factor <br />(Albini and Baughman 1979; Baughman <br />and Albini 1980; Rothermel 1983) <br />Wind speed at 10 m adjusted to 20 ft <br />(Turner and Lawson 1978) <br />13 standard fire behavior fuel models <br />(Rothermel 1972) 11 fuel models <br />(Albini 1976b) slight revision of <br />Rothermel's 11 plus 2 more fuel <br />models <br />(Anderson 1982) fuel model selection <br />guide <br />40 standard fire behavior fuel mode!s <br />(Scott and Burgan 2005) <br />Custom fire behavior fuel models <br />(Burgan 1987; Burgan and Rothermel <br />1984) <br />Dynamic fuel load transfer <br />(Burgan 1979) <br />(Andrews 1986; Burgan and Rothermel <br />1984) as used in BEHAVE <br />(Scott and Burgan 2005) as used in the <br />2005 standard fire behavior fuel <br />models <br />Two fuel models, weighted rate of spread <br />(Rothermel 1983) <br />Two fuel models, harmonic mean <br />(Fujioka 1985) <br />Two fuel models, two-dimensional expected spread <br />(Finney 2003) <br />Palmetto gallberry special case fuel model <br />(Sough and Albini 1978) <br />Western aspen special case fuel model <br />(Brown and Simmerman 1986) <br />(Brown and Debyle 1987) for mortality <br />(continued) <br />USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-249.2410 3 <br />