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CenterFuse Broadband Feasibility Report office or school servers. Each was also supposed to be connecting to Zoom or other online services for various meetings, webinars, or classes. The family also needed to make several telemedicine connections during the pandemic. The home still continues to need bandwidth for normal functions like reading emails or backing up files up in the cloud. Each member of the family also has their cellphones automatically connect to WiFi when they walk into the home. How much upload speed is needed? The upload speed crisis is relatively new and started to affect millions of homes after the onset of the pandemic when people tried to work from home and connect to schools from home. The problem has always been familiar to people who need fast upload broadband like doctors, photographers, engineers, architects, and others that have tried to work from home. The problem is still so new that there is not yet any industry consensus about the amount of upload bandwidth that is needed in a home. We finally have a statistic that helps to frame the issue. In its report for the third quarter of 2020, OpenVault reported that the average home in the US now uploads 25 gigabytes of data per month. That's a number that any network engineer would have found to be unbelievable just a year ago. We now understand many of the individual needs for upload bandwidth: • Connecting to a work server or a school server can require between 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps, dedicated upload speed, depending upon the specific software used by a given school or business —meaning that upload bandwidth is used during the duration of the connection and can't be used for any other purpose in the home. These connections are usually, but not always made by creating a virtual private network(VPN) connection that locks in the connection for as long as there is sufficient bandwidth. Typically, if available bandwidth falls below the needed amount the connection will drop. • Every online video service is a little different, but all require a steady upload signal to establish a video chat. Consider the bandwidth needs described by Zoom on its web page.3 Zoom says that a home should have a 2 Mbps connection, both upload and download to sustain a Zoom session. • Telemedicine connections tend to be even larger than the connections to work and school servers, and also require the simultaneous use of both upload and download bandwidth. • Just before the onset of the pandemic several major gaming platforms moved games online into the cloud. Historically, garners purchased or download software that ran games on local computers or game boxes. Moving games to the cloud makes them available to anybody on a wider range of devices. But putting the games in the cloud means that games are played in data centers and the command and images for the games are transmitted to garners in real time over broadband. • One of the biggest uses of upload bandwidth is still machine-to-machine traffic. This is communications generated by computers to the cloud. Most homes now use the cloud extensively to backup up everything done on home computers. Pictures, videos, and work files are automatically updated to web storage. Computer software constantly checks to see if updates are needed. Apps loaded onto computers and phones constantly send data about users to the cloud. This traffic is immense and Cisco estimates that by 2022 that 51%of all traffic on the web will consist of computers communicating with each other without any human direction. 3 https://support.zoom.us/hclen-us/articles/204003I 79-System-Requirements-for-Zoom-Rooms Page 37