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Topsoil <br />The upper part of the soil, which is the most favorable material for plant growth. <br />It is ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to topdress roadbanks, lawns, <br />and land affected by mining. <br />Trace elements <br />Chemical elements, for example, zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in <br />soils in extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant growth. <br />Tread <br />The flat to gently sloping, topmost, laterally extensive slope of terraces, flood- <br />plain steps, or other stepped landforms; commonly a recurring part of a series <br />of natural steplike landforms, such as successive stream terraces. <br />Tuff <br />A generic term for any consolidated or cemented deposit that is 50 percent or <br />more volcanic ash. <br />Upland <br />An informal, general term for the higher ground of a region, in contrast with a <br />low-lying adjacent area, such as a valley or plain, or for land at a higher <br />elevation than the flood plain or low stream terrace; land above the footslope <br />zone of the hillslope continuum. <br />Valley fill <br />The unconsolidated sediment deposited by any agent (water, wind, ice, or mass <br />wasting) so as to fill or partly fill a valley. <br />Variegation <br />Refers to patterns of contrasting colors assumed to be inherited from the parent <br />material rather than to be the result of poor drainage. <br />Varve <br />A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of laminae deposited in a body of <br />still water within a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded glaciolacustrine layers <br />seasonally deposited, usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or other <br />body of still water in front of a glacier. <br />Very stony spot (map symbol) <br />A spot where 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the soil surface is covered by rock fragments <br />that are more than 10 inches in diameter in areas where the surface of the <br />surrounding soil is covered by less than 0.01 percent stones. <br />Water bars <br />Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional areas that are excavated at an angle <br />across a sloping road. They are used to reduce the downward velocity of water <br />and divert it off and away from the road surface. Water bars can easily be <br />driven over if constructed properly. <br />Custom Soil Resource Report <br />65 Index #10