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Table 6. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, by expenditure category, August 2018, 1-month analysis table — Continued [1982-84=100, unless otherwise noted] Expenditure category Relative importance Jul. 2018 One Month Seasonally adjusted percent change Jul. 2018- Aug. 2018 Seasonally adjusted effect on All Items Jul. 2018- Aug. 2018 1 Standard error, median price change2 Largest (L) or Smallest (S) seasonally adjusted change since: 3 Date Percent change All items less shelter................................................67.189 0.2 0.125 0.03 L-Apr.2018 0.2 All items less food and shelter.................................... 53.965 0.2 0.113 0.04 L-May 2018 0.2 All items less food, shelter, and energy..........................45.887 -0.1 -0.034 0.05 S-Apr.2018 -0.1 All items less food, shelter, energy, and used cars and trucks...............................................................43.458 -0.1 -0.042 0.05 S-Mar.2017 -0.2 All items less medical care........................................91.384 0.3 0.243 0.03 L-Jan.2018 0.6 All items less energy................................................91.921 0.1 0.077 0.03 S-Apr.2018 0.1 Commodities.........................................................37.440 0.2 0.087 0.05 L-May 2018 0.2 Commodities less food, energy, and used cars and trucks............................................................17.153 -0.4 -0.065 0.09 S-Aug.2009 -0.4 Commodities less food..........................................24.216 0.3 0.075 0.07 L-Apr.2018 0.4 Commodities less food and beverages........................23.257 0.3 0.075 0.07 L-Apr.2018 0.4 Services..............................................................62.560 0.2 0.136 0.03 S-Jun.2018 0.1 Services less rent of shelter 15..................................30.124 0.1 0.032 0.05 – – Services less medical care services...........................55.663 0.3 0.150 0.04 L-May 2018 0.3 Durables..............................................................9.989 0.1 0.006 0.08 S-May 2018 -0.3 Nondurables.........................................................27.451 0.0 0.004 0.07 S-Jun.2018 0.0 Nondurables less food...........................................14.227 0.0 -0.005 0.11 S-Jun.2018 0.0 Nondurables less food and beverages........................13.268 0.0 -0.004 0.12 S-Jun.2018 0.0 Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel.............10.262 1.3 0.127 0.09 L-Jan.2018 2.2 Nondurables less food and apparel............................11.221 1.1 0.126 0.08 L-May 2018 1.1 Housing...............................................................41.736 0.3 0.122 0.04 L-Apr.2018 0.3 Education and communication 5...................................6.566 0.2 0.010 0.07 – – Education5......................................................... 2.979 0.5 0.016 0.06 L-Feb.2014 0.5 Communication5..................................................3.587 -0.2 -0.006 0.11 S-Apr.2018 -0.2 Information and information processing 5...................3.479 -0.2 -0.006 0.12 S-Apr.2018 -0.2 Information technology, hardware and services 17.........1.203 0.2 0.003 0.25 S-Apr.2018 -0.6 Recreation5..........................................................5.656 -0.1 -0.003 0.11 S-Apr.2018 -0.4 Video and audio 5.................................................1.815 0.5 0.009 0.15 L-Aug.2017 0.5 Pets, pet products and services 5...............................1.011 -0.1 -0.001 0.16 S-Feb.2018 -0.2 Photography5......................................................0.072 0.9 0.001 0.41 L-Jul.2016 0.9 Food and beverages................................................14.183 0.1 0.012 0.06 – – Domestically produced farm food..............................6.073 -0.1 -0.006 0.11 S-May 2018 -0.2 Other services.......................................................11.494 0.1 0.016 0.06 S-Apr.2018 0.0 Apparel less footwear..............................................2.337 -1.9 -0.046 0.45 S-EVER – Fuels and utilities....................................................4.709 0.5 0.023 0.06 L-Feb.2018 1.0 Household energy................................................3.634 0.6 0.020 0.08 L-Feb.2018 1.2 Medical care.........................................................8.616 -0.2 -0.020 0.09 –– Transportation.......................................................17.055 0.9 0.154 0.06 L-Jan.2018 1.8 Private transportation............................................15.8970.9 0.139 0.06 L-Jan.2018 2.0 New and used motor vehicles 5..............................7.049 0.1 0.007 0.10 S-May 2018 -0.1 Utilities and public transportation.................................9.445 0.3 0.024 0.07 L-Feb.2018 0.8 Household furnishings and operations...........................4.216 0.0 0.000 0.16 S-Jun.2018 -0.1 Other goods and services..........................................3.181 0.0 -0.002 0.10 – – Personal care 4....................................................2.534 -0.1 -0.002 0.13 S-Dec.2017 -0.1 1 The ’effect’ of an item category is a measure of that item’s contribution to the All items price change. For example, if the Food index had an effect of 0.40, and the All items index rose 1.2 percent, then the increase in food prices contributed 0.40 / 1.2, or 33.3 percent, to that All items increase. Said another way, had food prices been unchanged for that month the change in the All items index would have been 1.2 percent minus 0.40, or 0.8 percent. Effects can be negative as well. For example, if the effect of food was a negative 0.1, and the All items index rose 0.5 percent, the All items index actually would have been 0.1 percent higher (or 0.6 percent) had food prices been unchanged. Since food prices fell while prices overall were rising, the contribution of food to the All items price change was negative (in this case, -0.1 / 0.5, or minus 20 percent). 2 A statistic’s margin of error is often expressed as its point estimate plus or minus two standard errors. For example, if a CPI category rose 0.6 percent, and its standard error was 0.15 percent, the margin of error on this item’s 1-month percent change would be 0.6 percent, plus or minus 0.3 percent. 3 If the current seasonally adjusted 1-month percent change is greater than the previous published 1-month percent change, then this column